Black pepper is a flowering vine native to the Malabar Coast of India, cultivated for its fruit, known as peppercorns. These are typically dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The fruit is a drupe (stone fruit), dark red, and contains a stone that encloses a single pepper seed. It is the world's most traded spice and one of the most common seasonings in global cuisines.
Active Compounds:
Black pepper contains 5-9% alkaloids, including piperine and piperettine, and 1.2-5% volatile oils. It also contains a range of chemical constituents such as piperolides, propenylphenols, amides, neolignans, lignans, flavonoids, terpenes, and steroids. Additionally, it is rich in potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, and trace amounts of vitamins K and C. The primary essential compounds in black pepper include germacrene D, limonene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, β-caryophyllene, α-pinene, and cis-β-ocimene.