Bitter melon, also known as bitter gourd, is a vine called Momordica charantia. As the name implies, this vine produces a bitter-tasting fruit. The fruit, leaves, and shoots of the plant contain fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and are used as foods and flavoring in some parts of the world. Dietary supplements containing bitter melon may contain various parts of the plant, including the fruit, leaves, roots, and shoots.
In addition to its nutritional properties, bitter melon contains chemicals that may have effects on the body. Some of these chemicals may help reduce swelling (inflammation) and make your body more sensitive to insulin. But research on taking bitter melon to lower blood sugar levels is mixed. Some studies show that it may help, while other studies do not. Even in studies that do show benefit, bitter melon does not seem to lower blood sugar levels by a meaningful amount. It also does not seem to lower blood pressure or cholesterol levels.
Herbal products, such as bitter melon, naturally contain many different chemicals. The amounts of each chemical in a specific bitter melon product may vary. Some, none, or all of these chemicals may have effects on the body. These effects may change depending on how much of each chemical is found in the product you are using.